Medication-induced acute akathisia
Subjective complaints of restlessness after exposure to medication
Medication-Induced MovementG21.1
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Subjective complaints of restlessness after exposure to medication
Abnormal and prolonged contraction of muscles of eyes, face, neck, limbs, or trunk developing in association with medication use
Parkinsonian tremor, muscular rigidity, or akinesia developing in association with medication use (most commonly neuroleptic/antipsychotic or dopamine-depleting agent)
Fine tremor occurring during attempts to maintain a posture that has developed in association with use of a medication
Medication-induced movement symptoms causing clinically significant distress or impairment
Modest cognitive decline in ≥1 domain (concern of individual, knowledgeable informant, or clinician; supported by objective performance evidence)
Criteria met for major or mild NCD
Prominent hallucinations or delusions
Repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalisation and/or complex motor behaviours
Urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable sensations in the legs, that begins or worsens during rest/inactivity, is partially or totally relieved by movement, and occurs primarily in the evening or night
Involuntary athetoid or choreiform movements (lasting ≥4 weeks) of the tongue, jaw, trunk, or extremities that developed in association with use of a neuroleptic medication
Prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions/compulsions directly attributable to physiological effects of another medical condition
Prominent depressive episode directly attributable to physiological effects of a medical condition
Single or multiple motor OR vocal tics (but not both motor and vocal) have been present at some time
Single or multiple motor and/or vocal tics
Both multiple motor tics AND ≥1 vocal tic present at some time during the illness, though not necessarily simultaneously
Dopamine antagonist exposure (antipsychotic or antiemetic) and development of severe muscle rigidity and elevated temperature
Involuntary movements (tardive dystonia: sustained/repetitive muscle contractions; tardive akathisia: subjective restlessness + repetitive movements) developing in association with neuroleptic use, persisting ≥4 weeks
Intoxication: reversible substance-specific syndrome due to recent ingestion; Withdrawal: substance-specific syndrome due to cessation/reduction after heavy/prolonged use
Disturbances in normal fluency and time patterning of speech inappropriate for age and language skills; ≥1 of: sound/syllable repetitions; sound prolongations; broken words; audible/silent blocking; circumlocutions; words produced with excess physical tension; monosyllabic whole-word repetitions
Either of: marked delay in ejaculation; marked infrequency or absence of ejaculation, on almost all occasions of partnered sexual activity (≥75–100%), without desire for delay
Persistent or recurrent experiences of depersonalisation (feelings of unreality/detachment from one's mind/body) and/or derealisation (feelings of unreality of surroundings)
Inability to recall important autobiographical information (usually traumatic/stressful) inconsistent with ordinary forgetting; may include dissociative fugue (purposeful travel or bewildered wandering)
Disruption of identity characterised by ≥2 distinct personality states/possession experiences with marked discontinuity in sense of self and agency, accompanied by alterations in affect, behaviour, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory-motor functioning
≥1 of 3 symptoms on almost all occasions (≥75–100%) of sexual activity: marked difficulty attaining an erection; marked difficulty maintaining an erection until completion of sexual activity; marked decrease in erectile rigidity
Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions
≥1 of: marked delay in, marked infrequency of, or absence of orgasm; markedly reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations — on almost all occasions (≥75–100%) of sexual activity
Absent/reduced sexual interest/arousal; ≥3 of: absent/reduced interest in sexual activity; absent/reduced sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies; no/reduced initiation of sexual activity and unreceptive to partner's attempts; absent/reduced sexual excitement/pleasure during sexual activity in ≥75–100% encounters; absent/reduced sexual interest/arousal in response to any internal/external erotic cues; absent/reduced genital or non-genital sensations during sexual activity in ≥75–100% encounters
Persistent difficulties in acquisition and use of language across modalities (spoken, written, sign, or other) due to deficits in comprehension or production, including reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure, and impairments in discourse
Criteria met for major or mild NCD with insidious onset and gradual progression
≥5 of 9 SIG-E-CAPS symptoms for ≥2 weeks; ≥1 must be depressed mood or anhedonia
Persistently or recurrently deficient (or absent) sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies AND desire for sexual activity; clinician judges deficiency considering age and general/sociocultural context
Presence of obsessions (recurrent/persistent intrusive thoughts/urges/images + attempts to suppress or neutralise), compulsions (repetitive behaviours/mental acts driven by rigid rules aimed at reducing distress/feared event), or both
Persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation occurring during partnered sexual activity within ≈1 minute of vaginal penetration and before the individual wishes it, on ≥75–100% of occasions
Persistent difficulties in social use of verbal/nonverbal communication; ≥1 of: deficits in using communication for social purposes; inability to change communication to match context; difficulty following rules for conversations and storytelling; difficulty understanding what is not explicitly stated
Persistent difficulty with speech sound production that interferes with speech intelligibility or prevents verbal communication of messages
Repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behaviour (e.g. hand shaking/waving, body rocking, head banging, self-biting, hitting own body)
Evidence by polysomnography of ≥5 central apnoeas per hour of sleep
Pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, with marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood; ≥5 of 9: frantic efforts to avoid abandonment; unstable intense relationships; identity disturbance; impulsivity in ≥2 damaging areas; suicidal/self-mutilating behaviour; affective instability; chronic emptiness; inappropriate intense anger; transient stress-related paranoia/dissociation
Consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behaviour toward caregivers; ≥2 of: rarely seeks/responds to comfort when distressed; minimal positive affect; unexplained irritability/sadness/fearfulness
Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression, beginning by early adulthood; ≥4 of 7: neither desires nor enjoys close relationships; almost always chooses solitary activities; little/no interest in sexual experiences; few/no pleasurable activities; lacks close friends; appears indifferent to praise/criticism; shows emotional coldness/detachment/flat affect
Pervasive pattern of social/interpersonal deficits with acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive/perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behaviour, beginning by early adulthood; ≥5 of 9: ideas of reference; odd beliefs/magical thinking; unusual perceptual experiences; odd thinking/speech; suspiciousness/paranoid ideation; inappropriate/constricted affect; odd/eccentric behaviour/appearance; lacks close friends; excessive social anxiety
Problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment/distress; ≥2 of 11 criteria within 12 months (impaired control ×4; social impairment ×3; risky use ×2; pharmacological criteria ×2)
Criteria met for major or mild NCD (substantial or modest cognitive decline in ≥1 domain)
≥1 full manic episode (abnormally elevated/expansive/irritable mood + ↑energy, ≥7 days or any duration if hospitalised)
Disturbance of attention (reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, shift attention) and awareness (reduced orientation to environment)
Persistent or recurrent difficulties with ≥1 of: vaginal penetration during intercourse; marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during intercourse or penetration attempts; marked fear/anxiety about vulvovaginal or pelvic pain in anticipation of, during, or as a result of vaginal penetration; marked tensing or tightening of pelvic floor muscles during vaginal penetration attempts
Self-reported excessive sleepiness (hypersomnolence) despite main sleep period of ≥7 hrs; ≥1 of: recurrent lapses into sleep during same day; prolonged main sleep episode (>9 hrs) that is non-restorative; difficulty being fully awake after abrupt awakening
Predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity/quality: ≥1 of: difficulty initiating sleep; difficulty maintaining sleep (frequent awakenings); early morning awakening with inability to return to sleep
Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode, accompanied by either sleepwalking (complex behaviour without full consciousness) or sleep terrors (abrupt awakenings with intense fear/autonomic arousal; difficult to console)
Symptoms characteristic of a sexual dysfunction causing clinically significant distress
Prominent hallucinations or delusions
Acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below expected for chronological age and opportunity for skill learning